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A  CITY-PLANNING 
CLASSIFICATION 

PRELIMINARY  OUTLINE 

(PRINTED  AS  MANUSCRIPT) 


BY 

JAMES  STURGIS  PRAY 

CHAIRMAN,  SCHOOL  OF  LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECTUBE, 
HARVARD  UNIVERSITY 

AND 

THEODORA  KIMBALL 

LIBRARIAN,  SCHOOL  OF  LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECTURE, 
HARVARD  UNIVER8ITT 


HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

CAMBRIDGE,  MASSACHUSETTS 

May,  1913 


PHce  Ten  Cents 


A  CITY-PLANNING 
CLASSIFICATION 

PRELIMINARY  OUTLINE 

(PRINTED   AS  MANUSCRIPT) 


BY 

JAMES  STURGIS  PRAY 

CHAIRMAN,   SCHOOL  OF  LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECTURE, 
HARVARD  UNIVERSITY 

AND 

THEODORA  KIMBALL 

LIBRARIAN,   SCHOOL  OF  LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECTURE, 
HARVARD  UNIVERSITY 


HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

CAMBRIDGE,  MASSACHUSETTS 

May,  1913 


NOTE 

The  term  City  Planning  is  used  to  signify  "  the 
intelhgent  control  and  guidance  of  the  physical  con- 
formation, growth,  and  alteration  of  cities,  towns,  or 
considerable  parts  thereof,  considered  in  their  entirety.  "^ 
So  used,  it  includes  the  planning  of  towns,  suburbs, 
villages,  and  any  considerable  urban,  suburban,  or  even 
intimately  related  rural  districts.  Material  other  than 
that  embraced  under  the  above  definition  is  included 
in  this  outline  only  when  the  subject-matter  is  treated 
or  considered  as  having  a  definite  relation  to  the  city 
plan  or  its  elements. 

The  outline  here  given  is  preliminary  to  the  City- 
planning  Classification  Scheme  in  course  of  publica- 
tion. Before  issuing  the  full  arrangement  of^topics 
and  sub-topics,  —  of  which  some  have  already  been 
elaborated  and  others  are  now  being  developed  in 
detail,  —  we  present  the  main  headings  with  some 
indication  of  the  material  included  therein,  in  order  to 
invite  suggestion  and  criticism,  and  call  forth  further 
information  or  inquiries  from  any  who  may  be 
interested. 

The  value  of  the  forthcommg  Scheme  is  increased 
by  the  fact  that  it  is  developed  in  accordance  with  the 
principles  of,  and  capable  of  insertion  in,  the  Library 
of  Congress  Classification.  The  first  series  of  headings 
of  the  outline  (through  the  phrase  "  General  special  ") 
have  been  selected  from  those  in  general  use  by  the 
Library  of  Congress.  As  the  joint  authorship  of  this 
City-planning  Classification  implies,  the  principle  has 
been  recognized  that,  to  be  generally  useful,  any  classi- 
fication intended  as  this  is  to  cover  the  arrangement 
both  of  ideas  and  of  actual  material  must  be  a  com- 
promise between  a  theoretical  organization  of  the  sub- 
ject and  an  arrangement  guided  merely  by  existing 

^  Professor  Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  Chairman  of  the  National  Con- 
ference on  City  Planning. 

3 


262699 


material.  If  wholly  the  former,  the  classification 
will  not  be  usable  in  libraries;  while  if  based  only  on 
library  needs,  its  serviceableness  to  those  actively 
interested  in  City  Planning  must  be  greatly  diminished. 
The  City-planning  Classification  Scheme,  provided 
with  numbers  for  use  in  classifying  material  —  books, 
pamphlets,  maps,  pictorial  matter,  and  also  notes  or  pro- 
fessional data  —  and  containing  an  alphabetic  subject- 
index,  may  be  ordered  in  advance,  or  obtained  when 
issued  (about  June  first),  at  fifty  cents  a  copy,  from 
the  Harvard  University  Press,  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

J.  S.  P. 

T.  K. 


PRELIMINARY  OUTLINE 

Bibliography. 

Periodicals. 

Yearbooks. 

Societies. 

Congresses. 

Exhibitions. 

Museums. 

Collected  Works. 
Encyclopaedias,  Dictionaries,  etc. 
Directories. 

Biography  —  collective  and  single. 
History. 

General  Works. 

Comprehensive  treatises. 

Partial  works  —  treating  two  or  more  subdivisions 

of  the  general  subject. 
Outlines,  syllabi,  charts,  etc. 
Pocket-books,  tables,  etc. 
Atlases,  general  collections  of  plans. 
Addresses,   lectures,    essays  —  collective  —  single, 

when  general. 

General  Special. 
Name. 

Purpose  —  utility 
Field  —  scope  —  relation  to  other  arts,  sciences, 

and  professions. 
City  planning  as  an  art,  science,  or  profession. 

5 


City-planning  Movement. 

General  —  purposes,  activities,  progress  —  etc. 

Organization  —  organizations. 
Education  of  public  —  public  advertising. 
Obtainment  of  action  by  community. 

Special  aspects  —  garden-city  movement  —  etc. 

Legislation. 
General. 
Creative. 

General  —  general  acts  —  etc. 
Creation   or   empowering    of    administrative 
agents  —  city  planning  commissions,  other 
bodies. 
Creation  of  public  properties,  rights,  etc.  — 
acquisition  of  land,  rights-of-way,  etc. 
Regulative  —  zoning,    building   laws,    traffic    regu- 
lations, etc. 

Professional  Practice. 
General. 
Collection    and    presentation    of    data  —  surveys, 

topographical  and  statistical,  etc. 
Design,  economic  and  esthetic  —  development  of 

city  plans. 
Presentation    of    city    plans  —  reports,    drawings, 

models,  estimates,  etc. 
Supervision  of  execution  and  maintenance. 

Consultation  —  cooperation  of  experts. 
Competitions. 

Execution  and  Maintenance  of  City  Plans. 

General. 

Administration  —  agencies   existing   and   specially 
created  —  official  employment  of  experts,  etc. 

Financing  —  taxation,    assessments,    estimate    and 
apportionment,  etc. 

Construction   and   maintenance  —  general    opera- 
tions.    For  operations  in  connection  with  special 
subjects,  e.  g.  Streets,  see  the  special  subjects. 
6 


Study  and  Teaching. 
General. 

Subject-matter  —  theory  —  practice  in  design,  eco- 
nomic and  esthetic  —  rnaterials  —  construction 
—  special  contributory  subjects. 

Methods  —  study  in  universities,  libraries,  and 
offices  —  observation  and  travel  —  experience 
under  competent  practitioners. 

Special  countries. 

Special  schools  —  bulletins,  catalogues,  etc. 

Composition  of  City  Plans. 
General. 

Special  groups  of  fundamental  considerations. 

Geographic  —  climatic  —  topographic  — 
effect  of  climate,  soil,  topography,  etc. 

Sociologic  —  location  of  cities  in  relation  to 
other  social  groups  —  growth  of  cities  — 
considerations  of  housing,  public  recrea- 
tion, etc. 

Hygienic  —  considerations  of  air,  sunlight, 
water-supply,  drainage,  etc. 

Economic  —  use  of  land,  land  values  —  trans- 
portation —  etc. 

Historic  —  truth  to  historic  type  —  preserva- 
tion of  individuality  —  preservation  of  his- 
toric features  —  etc. 

Esthetic  —  birdseye  views  —  silhouette  —  vistas 

—  color  —  city  at  night  —  etc. 

Organization    and    subdivision    of    city    area    by 
dominant  function  —  districting  —  districts. 

General. 

Legislation  —  zoning  —  etc. 

General  special  —  control  of  undeveloped  land 

—  development  of  new  districts  —  effects 
of  change  of  type  of  occupancy  —  relative 
size  of  districts  —  scale  of  treatment  —  etc. 

7 


Composition  of  City  Plans  (continued) 

Organization  ...    by   function  ...  —  districts 
(continued) 

Administrative  districts  —  ''  civic  centers.'' 
Business     districts  — financial  —  manufactur- 
ing —  shipping,  transshipping,  warehouse 

—  market  —  wholesale  —  retail  —  etc. 
Residential  districts  —  urban  —  suburban  — 

—  special  types. 

Agricultural  districts,  agricultural  belts,  forest 
belts,  etc. 

Recreation  areas  —  reservations,  parks,  play- 
grounds —  distribution. 

Border  zone. 

Organization  and  subdivision  of  city  area  into 
streets  and  blocks  —  platting  —  types  of 
plats. 

General. 

Geometric  —  gridiroii  —  gridiron  and  diagonal 

—  radius  and  round-point,  etc. 
Irregular  —  rectilinear  —  curvilinear  —  com- 
posite. 


Elements  of  City  Plans. 

General. 

Channels  of  transportation  —  of  persons,  commodi- 
ties, power  —  ways,  conduits,  wires. 

General. 

Streets,  roads.     Footways. 
General 
Legislation 

General  special  —  proportion  of  street  area 
to  block  area  —  relation  to  buildings 
—  form,  orientation,  length,  grade, 
width,  cross-section,  surface,  etc. 


Elements  of  City  Plans  (continued) 
Channels  of  transportation. 

Streets,  roads.     Footways  (continued) 

Thoroughfares,  including  traffic  squares 
—  parkways,  boulevards,  etc. 

Local  streets  —  alleys  —  private  ways. 

Footways  —  sidewalks  —  steps  —  foot- 
bridges. 

Bridges  and  tunnels — for  street  tra^c. 

Street  furniture. 

Street  lighting  —  street-lighting  fixtures. 

Street  planting. 

Street  decoration  for  festivals,  etc. 

Street-railways.     Rapid  transit  facilities. 
General. 
Legislation. 

Surface  railways. 

Elevated  railways  —  including  street-rail- 
way bridges  and  viaducts. 

Subways  —  tunnels  —  tubes  —  under- 
ground railways. 

Railroads  —  waterways  —  water-fronts  — 
terminal  facilities. 
General  —  interrelation  —  transshipment. 
Legislation. 

Railroads  — -  location  of  stations,  etc.  — 
railroad  bridges  —  grade-crossings  — 
tunnels  —  electrification  —  etc. 

Watei"ways,  canals. 

Harbors. 

Commercial  water-fronts  —  docks  —  slips 

—  wharves  —  piers  —  etc. 
Aerial  transportation  terminals. 

Conduits.     Wires. 
General. 

Conduits  —  water-supply,  sewerage,  etc. 
Wires  —  power,  lighting,  telephone,  etc. 

9 


Elements  of  City  Plans  {continued) 

Blocks  and  lots  —  land  subdivision. 
General. 

Legislation  —  restrictions,  etc. 
Size,  shape,  orientation,  topography. 
Relation  to  street  — frontage,  grade,  depth. 
Relation  of  area  to  buildings  thereon. 
Blocks  and  lots  for  special  types  of  occupancy. 

Open  spaces  —  public  and  quasi-pubhc  —  other 
than  for  traffic. 

General. 
Legislation. 

Park  systems. 

Parks  and  reservations  — forest  reservations, 
shore  reservations,  etc.  —  recreative  water- 
fronts —  large  and  small  parks  —  public 
gardens  —  amusement  parks  —  etc. 

Playgrounds  —  including  athletic  fields,  etc. 

Squares. 

Cemeteries. 

Grounds  of  building  groups. 

Grounds  about  buildings  (not  grouped). 

Structures  —  architectural.  (Including  engineering 
structures  treated  architecturally.  For  other 
engineering  structures,  see  Streets,  etc.) 

General. 
Building  groups. 

Buildings  —  general  —  legislation  —  buildings 
for  special  uses  —  types  of  construction 
—  material,  height,  form,  etc.  —  special 
elements  —  etc. 

Bridges,  viaducts,  dams. 

Minor  architectural  and  sculptural  features  — 
monuments,  statues,  fountains,  etc. 

10 


Types  of  City  Plans.  .'.'.:».':    •.•;•.! 

General. 

Types  distinguished  by  climate. 

Types  distinguished  by  type  of  population  —  by 

nationality. 
Types  distinguished  by  relation  to  topography  — 

coast    cities  —  river    cities  —  hill-top    cities  — 

etc. 
Types  distinguished  by  dominant  function  of  city 

—  governmental  —  industrial  —  commercial, 

(ports)  —  residential  —  etc. 
Types  distinguished  by  size  of  city  —  large  city, 

town,  village,  etc. 
Types  distinguished  by  style  of  city  plan,  architec- 
tural character  of  city,  etc. 

City  Planning,  by  Special  Countries  and  Cities, 
arranged  geographically. 


11 


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